To flip the argument just given, the renters also don’t have to live at that specific location. There’s no God-given right to be able to live in someone else’s property rent free. And assuming the obligations of a renter is part of the responsibility you take on when you sign a contract and become a renter. That’s literally the same argument she just used, in reverse.
Apparently people don’t have a right to their own legally gained property or income, and have no right to expect people to ahere to legal contracts, or to expect society to enforce them. If that’s the situation, then you’re looking at the end of the entire system of property and contracts and mutual obligation. That’s a bad thing. That ends in individual violence.
It’s the duty of the state to take on the role of enforcement, if individuals won’t honor contracts, to prevent individual violence or theft or repossession. You can build all sorts of protections and processes into that system to guard it and try to make it fair. Fair, meaning, in such a way that if you didn’t know which position you might end up in you would be willing to agree to those rules. So landlords have to give enough options in contracts and legal process rules so that tenants have recourse. And tenants have to grant the same. That’s necessary for a mutually binding contract that both parties would agree to to let them share their goods.
Obviously, if landlords thought that renting out their properties meant that they would lose the legal rights to them and to the value, savings, work, cost, and income they represent, they wouldn’t rent them out. All the same, if tenants thought they could be evicted for no reason, if they had fulfilled their obligations, they wouldn’t want to rent from those landlords. So you put processes and rules in place to protect both, and you enforce the contracts fairly, with due process. Because the law cannot assume a prejudice in favor of one or the other. The laws, and the people who make them, must approach the question of regulation as if they didn’t know which side of the equation they were standing on, but are instead negotiating a system of checks and balances and tradeoffs and mutual surrenders and obligations that protect and benefit both. It seems silly to point it out, but that’s the whole basis of the law and property rights and legal obligations going back to Hammurabi. But apparently modern people are less well acquainted with such things and with how the world and how society works than the Babylonians.
Often there is a great temptation to break the rules that govern our most basic social institutions for the sake of some special cause. And it is entirely understandable that people feel that way. But such systems exist for a reason, and you may be unleashing dangers that were kept chained and contained by those very institutions. You may be undermining essential systems for productive living that those institutions were generating. That doesn’t mean that these systems won’t generate some results you don’t like. But they’re there for a reason, and that reason is to create a defined, navigable system of mutual action, trade, and benefit. It is not merely to protect exploitation, as some would imagine. And your efforts to undo the system may end up producing exploitation and harm (against others, and likely against those you seek to benefit), if you have not first sufficiently understood the value and function of the system you’re attempting to remove.
This particular girl is young and idealistic, but she is also hopelessly ignorant and naive and prejudiced. You cannot hope for a system with no unhappy outcomes for some people on either side of an issue. All you can hope for is a game where the rules are clearly understood and enforced and sensible and compelling, regardless of how play actually proceeds. What you want is a game that both sides will want to play and that both can benefit from, and in which both sides have some protections, some opportunities, some obligations. And they are understood and are maintained. That’s what keeps the whole game going. And there are some games we need because the alternative is much worse for everyone.
On a side note, it’s also in the general interest of society to create systems that have some general tilt toward providing benefit for such qualities as consistency, faith-keeping, lawfulness, honesty, etc. You want your system to inherently reward some ways of operating in favor of others. Because all actions and all modes of being do not lead to equivalent outcomes. So the right criticism of a system isn’t that it produces unequal outcomes; all natural systems produce unequal outcomes. Systems should produce unequal outcomes, that’s their whole point, to produce the largest quantity of the desired outcomes and avoid the largest number of undesirable outcomes. Unfortunately, you don’t really even achieve that by focusing myopically on the outcomes. Life is complex and interconnected, and individual examples, though poignant, may not be representative, or may not represent what you think they do but rather are a function of some other factor, or may be misleading in a hundred different ways. And you can’t adjust whole systems just to fit or benefit individual stories.
So what then? Outcomes matter, they provide useful data. But what matters most is the qualities that produce (or are most likely to produce) those outcomes. That’s what you actually want to identify. And fortunately those are the sorts of things that virtually all humans have known and cared about, everywhere, since history began. And you can abstract them out of the most successful systems.
What kind of human capital tends to produce good results, even under incredibly unfavorable structural conditions? Conditions vary widely, people vary widely, systems vary widely. Are there any qualities that humans can invest in and develop that seem to confer as close to a universal benefit and efficacy, regardless of all other conditions? Are there qualities that help you succeed as a tenant as well as as a landlord, across multiple domains? In wealth and in poverty, in power and in slavery, in good seasons and bad? And does your system encourage and reward those qualities?
So what is the right way to criticize a system? The correct criticism is that a system fails to sufficiently favor the desirable qualities, or fails to discourage undesirable qualities, that are most determinative of good or bad outcomes. This is a delicate matter. But your goal is to fine tune a social system so that, in general, people benefit within it from being competent, honest, productive, and consistent. Those are qualities, game conditions, that benefit everyone as a whole, regardless of individual people, situations, or moments in time. *
– A further note on the alternative offered.
In the system this girl imagines, it’s hard to see how those important qualities would be rewarded rather than eroded. Keeping people honest would require enormous amounts of infornancy and spying on one’s neighbors. Because there wouldn’t be much individual benefit to being honest or productive or consistent, or individual penalty for failing to be any of those things. And there would likely be a strong benefit to being dishonest about others, as well as about yourself. And there would be no special benefit to doing your best, if it conferred no specific or identifiable individual results, and plenty of incentive to do just a little less. By removing the competence hierarchy, as well as its downsides, you also lose its benefits. You unhook life from the mechanisms of cause and effect and make life and the process of learning and refinement of nature and action incoherent and insensible.
In fact you would get exactly the situation that actually arose in the soviet states when such an experiment was tried. Everybody lied, everybody cheated, everybody informed on everybody else. There was no special advantage to really working hard or being honest or being law-abiding, other than avoiding punishment. And there were obvious benefits to avoiding honesty and excessive effort and rule-following. So in turn the state had to assume massive power over its citizens, to observe them and punish them if they did not do all they should. And that power itself became it’s own problem.
It’s a sad fact, but it’s been decisively proven that it’s much easier to demotivate people than it is to motivate them. It’s much easier to remove incentives than it is to create them. And since people can’t live or act or direct their effort without incentives, the soviet government had to provide an alternative bureaucratic structure of rewards and punishments, a substitute for the natural system. And it’s easy to see how that went.
One particular problem with the system this girl proposes in place of the entirety of the personal property market is that it favors dishonesty. There is a clear disadvantage to being dishonest in such a system, and an obvious benefit to dishonesty. The closer I can keep my apparent income to 0, the less I will actually pay. And you lose incentive for producing more, because your obligations will only increase in line with your production, with no increase in benefits. So there’s no obvious reason for being either slightly better or worse off than you are, productively. And since production and honesty and being law abiding do carry an inherent cost, and the commensurate benefits have been negated, why not reduce that cost to yourself? You end up in what’s known as a race to the bottom.
I’ve seen it happen in my own business, when one employee starts to slack off. The others notice. The other workers do, even if I don’t at first. And if they don’t perceive any inherent feedback or penalty or disadvantage to doing less, then they start wondering why they’re bothering to do any more. And those people who naturally want to strive and accomplish more, your best employees, will fail to see the benefit in their own strategy and become resentful and unhappy. And you can destroy them and what’s great about them this way. You can fail to honor your obligation to justice, as an overseer of these people. And you don’t want young people, especially, to learn that there’s no value in being really hard working and honest and having initiative, and that there’s no harm in being dishonest and lazy and letting others take the load for what you don’t feel like carrying.
It’s a kindness to enforce justice, to convey the proper consequences, even to the people who get chastised. Because when you tell them the truth, you protect what’s good in them and resist what could harm them and harm others around them. And if you don’t do it, the whole system that benefits everyone could fail. Even though I didn’t see that one person slacking off at first, my workers did. And if I don’t learn about it or do something about it quickly, pretty soon the infection starts to spread. Everyone sees the benefits of the reduction in personal cost by reducing quality of your labor, and infers that there is no benefit to increasing the quality of your labor. So pretty soon the whole raft starts drifting lower. And that’s when I start to notice. When it’s become systemic. When the whole system has become a race to the bottom. What is the minimum I can put in and get away with it? This is when the whole ship starts to come apart and is in danger of collapse (whether it’s a business or a whole country).
I’ve seen this unhappy result occur. My own father failed to address a problem employee who wasn’t doing their work, despite the complaints of his good employees. And he underestimated the damage that one person could do to the whole enterprise, as well as to the faith and effort of his good employees. He ended up having to sell off his whole business, in no small part because of that one failure to enforce justice. He wanted to be nice to her. And he wasn’t willing to pay the price of confronting this problem (and preferred to focus on his own very important work, never imagining it could endanger even his work). But he failed to comprehend the cost of sacrificing the justice of the system, even for kind reasons. He didn’t appreciate what the system was protecting all of them from.
* When the Jewish hero Joseph ends up in slavery and then prison, he doesn’t say “My God and his laws and the way I follow him are of no use to me in these conditions.” His life was a yo-yo of constantly changing circumstances and conditions, from favored son to slave to household servant to prisoner, to government official. He went from a tribal land of herders to the wilderness to the greatest urban kingdom those days. But he always knew how to conduct himself, he followed his God, and in every circumstance his diligence and wisdom and competence and honesty made him someone people would rely on and trust and value. He had a kind of human capital that he carried with him and that benefited him, regardless of his situation. And that kind of story has helped power the Jewish approach to life and its changing circumstances across the centuries, with no small result.